Document A1
The Stacking Room, Opium Factory at Patna India
Lithograph after W. S. Sherwill, (1850)
The Stacking Room, Opium Factory at Patna India
Lithograph after W. S. Sherwill, (1850)
Document A2
Opium Imports to China from India
Jonathan Spence, Chinese Roundabout (1992)
Opium Imports to China from India
Jonathan Spence, Chinese Roundabout (1992)
OPIUM IMPORTS TO CHINA FROM INDIA (1 chest = approximately 140 pounds)
1773 1,000 chests
1790 4,000 chests
1828 18,000 chests
1839 40,000 chests
1865 76,000 chests
1884 81,000 chests (peak)
1773 1,000 chests
1790 4,000 chests
1828 18,000 chests
1839 40,000 chests
1865 76,000 chests
1884 81,000 chests (peak)
Document B
Conditions of the Treaty of Nanking (1842)
Conditions of the Treaty of Nanking (1842)
I. Lasting peace between the two nations.
II. The ports of Canton, Amoy, Fuchau, Ningpo, and Shangai to be opened to British trade and residence, and trade conducted according to a well-understood tariff.
III. It being obviously necessary and desirable that British subjects should have some port whereat they may careen and refit their ships when required, the island of Hong Kong to be ceded to her Majesty.
IV. Six millions of dollars to be paid as the value of the opium which was delivered up as ransom for the lives of H.N.M. Superintendent and subjects, in March, 1839.
V. Three millions of dollars to be paid for the debts due to British merchants.
VI. Twelve millions to be paid for the expenses incurred in the expedition sent out to obtain redress for the violent and unjust proceedings of the Chinese high authorities.
VII. The entire amount of $21,000,000 to be paid before December 31, 1845.
VIII. All prisoners of war to be immediately released by the Chinese.
IX. The Emperor to grant full and entire amnesty to those of his subjects who had aided the British.
X. A regular and fair tariff of export and import custom and other dues to be established at the open ports, and a transit duty to be levied in addition which will give goods a free conveyance to all places in China.
XI. Official correspondence to be hereafter conducted on terms of equality according to the payments of money.
XII. Conditions for restoring the places held by British troops to be according to the payments of money.
XIII. Time of exchanging ratifications and carrying the treaty into effect.
II. The ports of Canton, Amoy, Fuchau, Ningpo, and Shangai to be opened to British trade and residence, and trade conducted according to a well-understood tariff.
III. It being obviously necessary and desirable that British subjects should have some port whereat they may careen and refit their ships when required, the island of Hong Kong to be ceded to her Majesty.
IV. Six millions of dollars to be paid as the value of the opium which was delivered up as ransom for the lives of H.N.M. Superintendent and subjects, in March, 1839.
V. Three millions of dollars to be paid for the debts due to British merchants.
VI. Twelve millions to be paid for the expenses incurred in the expedition sent out to obtain redress for the violent and unjust proceedings of the Chinese high authorities.
VII. The entire amount of $21,000,000 to be paid before December 31, 1845.
VIII. All prisoners of war to be immediately released by the Chinese.
IX. The Emperor to grant full and entire amnesty to those of his subjects who had aided the British.
X. A regular and fair tariff of export and import custom and other dues to be established at the open ports, and a transit duty to be levied in addition which will give goods a free conveyance to all places in China.
XI. Official correspondence to be hereafter conducted on terms of equality according to the payments of money.
XII. Conditions for restoring the places held by British troops to be according to the payments of money.
XIII. Time of exchanging ratifications and carrying the treaty into effect.
The Taiping Rebellion (1850 - 64) The Taiping Rebellion (1850 - 64) was by far the bloodiest war of the nineteenth century. The revolt was a radical political and religious uprising that ravaged 17 Chinese provinces and cost 20 million lives. The rebels rose against the tyranny of the Manchus, supporting a program partly based on Christian doctrines. Among their aims were the public ownership of land and the establishment of a self-reliant economy. Their slogans - all supporting the idea of sharing property and giving more power to the peasants - attracted many famine-stricken peasants, and the Taiping ranks swelled to more than one million soldiers. Under the leadership of Hung Hsiu-chuan, they captured Nanking and made it their capital. Hung founded the 'Great Peaceful Heavenly Dynasty' in 1851. After a few years, the leaders began to quarrel among themselves. The reforms were not completed and their opponents, supported by the Western powers, defeated the Taiping in 1864. However, the Qing government was so weakened by the rebellion that it never again was able to effectively rule China. |
The Boxer Rebellion (1900) The Boxer Rebellion was a peasant uprising that attempted to drive all foreigners from China and to destroy the Qing dynasty. The Boxers were a secret society known as the I-ho ch'uan (Righteous and Harmonious Fists). Its members practiced certain boxing rituals in the belief that this gave them supernatural powers and made them invulnerable to bullets. After Japan defeated China in 1895, Japan and the Western Powers began to control more and more of the Chinese economy. As a result, the Boxers became wary of outsiders and foreigners, and desired to expel foreign influence from China. They began with killing white foreigners and Chinese Christians, but they also sought to dismantle the Chinese government for allowing this foreign control. In 1900, the Dowager Empress Cixi persuaded the Boxers to drop their opposition to the Qing Dynasty and unite with it to destroy the foreigners. All over northern China, missionaries and other foreigners were killed, and in Peking, the Boxers besieged foreign diplomats who took refuge in the foreign legations. As a result of the Boxers' fighting against foreign powers, in 1900, an international force landed at Tientsin and fought its way to Peking. In August, the siege was raised, the city looted, and the imperial palaces were sacked. The court fled to Sian, and representatives of the Dowager Empress had to sue for peace. The terms of the agreement signed in 1901 were the harshest imposed on China by Western powers. |
Document D
Map of Imperialism in China
Map of Imperialism in China
British woman Mary Francis Ames (who published the book under "Mrs. Ernest Ames") made a book - the ABC's for Baby Patriots - that taught the alphabet through nationalist ideals. |